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# Constrain

## Sitemaps

- [XML Sitemap](https://www.constrain-eu.org/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Posts

- [News](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/)
- [Solar geoengineering: a note to inform discussions on physical climate impacts, risks and governance issues](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/solar-geoengineering-a-note-to-inform-discussions-on-physical-climate-impacts-risks-and-governance-issues/)
- [Policy briefing: Climate and Earth system insights and advances](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/policy-briefing-climate-and-earth-system-insights-and-advances/)
- [The 1.5°C limit and risks of overshoot: new briefing note](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/the-1-5c-limit-and-risks-of-overshoot/)
- [From Polarisation to Policy: How to use Moral Foundations Theory in climate communications](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/how-to-use-moral-foundations-theory-in-climate-communications/)
- [Here’s what’s driving the record autumn heat (it’s not just carbon emissions)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/heres-whats-driving-the-record-autumn-heat-its-not-just-carbon-emissions/)
- [CONSTRAIN communicates climate through art](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/constrain-communicates-climate-through-art/)
- [COP28: how bad is climate change already and what do we need to do next to tackle it?](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/cop28-how-bad-is-climate-change-already-and-what-do-we-need-to-do-next-to-tackle-it/)
- [Knowledge Gain: recent advances in our understanding of Effective Radiative Forcing (ERF)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/knowledge-gain-recent-advances-in-our-understanding-of-effective-radiative-forcing-erf/)
- [Knowledge Gain: Relative role of rapid adjustment processes and their timescales and constraint of ERF from spatiotemporal patterns](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/knowledge-gain-summary-and-implication-report-october-2023-relative-role-of-rapid-adjustment-processes-and-their-timescales-and-constraint-of-erf-from-spatiotemporal-patterns/)
- [Carbon budgets: how hard is the Paris Agreement now?](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/carbon-budgets-how-hard-is-the-paris-agreement-now/)
- [Comic artists respond to the climate crisis](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/comic-artists-respond-to-the-climate-crisis/)
- [Long time lag in heavily polluted regions as improvement in air quality warms climate](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/long-time-lag-in-heavily-polluted-regions-as-improvement-in-air-quality-warms-climate/)
- [Knowledge Gain: On the role of the ocean in setting the transient climate sensitivity](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/end-of-project-kgsir-on-the-role-of-the-ocean-in-setting-the-transient-climate-sensitivity/)
- [Knowledge Gain: On understanding of climate sensitivity and its role in projections](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/knowledge-gain-on-understanding-of-climate-sensitivity-and-its-role-in-projections/)
- [CONSTRAIN's contribution to the first Global Stocktake](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/joint-project-submission-to-the-first-global-stocktake/)
- [Knowledge Gain: On updated carbon budget estimates with the latest insights on forcing, variability and feedbacks](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/knowledge-gain-on-carbon-budget-estimates-updates-with-the-latest-insights-on-forcing-variability-and-feedbacks/)
- [Value of 1.5 ambition for the GST – an interactive discussion](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/value-of-1-5-ambition-for-the-gst-an-interactive-discussion/)
- [New indicators will track climate change between IPCC reports](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/new-indicators-will-track-climate-change-between-ipcc-reports/)
- [Climate science as foundation for global climate negotiations](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/climate-science-as-foundation-for-global-climate-negotiations/)
- [New study: Limiting warming using solar geoengineering is a 100 year plus commitment](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/new-study-limiting-warming-using-solar-geoengineering-is-a-100-year-plus-commitment/)
- [Can higher ambition in developed countries create ‘carbon space’ for others?](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/can-higher-ambition-in-developed-countries-create-carbon-space-for-others/)
- [A winter trip to Leeds, with NAO and trees!](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/a-winter-trip-to-leeds-with-nao-and-trees/)
- [CONSTRAINing the carbon Footprint of data practices](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/constraining-the-carbon-footprint-of-data-practices/)
- [1.5°C: where the target came from – and why we’re losing sight of its importance](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/1-5c-where-the-target-came-from-and-why-were-losing-sight-of-its-importance/)
- [ZERO IN ON THE CRITICAL DECADE:                           Insights from the latest IPCC reports on the Paris Agreement, 1.5°C, and climate impacts](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/zero-in-on-the-critical-decade-insights-from-the-latest-ipcc-reports-on-the-paris-agreement-1-5c-and-climate-impacts/)
- [What the tiny remaining 1.5C carbon budget means for climate policy](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/what-the-tiny-remaining-1-5c-carbon-budget-means-for-climate-policy/)
- [Knowledge gains: Showcasing climate emulators, how they can be used, and how they compare to CMIP6 models](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/knowledge-gains-showcasing-climate-emulators-how-they-can-be-used-and-how-they-compare-to-cmip6-models/)
- [International study: Improved air quality accelerates global warming   in recent decades](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/international-study-improved-air-quality-accelerates-global-warming-in-recent-decades/)
- [Simple climate models present a complex challenge](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/simple-climate-models-present-a-complex-challenge/)
- [Influential oil company scenarios for combating climate change don’t meet Paris Agreement goals](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/influential-oil-company-scenarios-dont-meet-paris-agreement-goals/)
- [CONSTRAIN and the first Global Stocktake](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/constrain-and-the-first-global-stocktake/)
- [Cloud study demystifies impact of aerosols](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/cloud-study-demystifies-impact-of-aerosols/)
- [Why 1.5C and ‘well below’ 2C are part and parcel of one temperature goal](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/why-1-5c-and-well-below-2c-are-part-and-parcel-of-one-temperature-goal/)
- [CONSTRAIN Webinar - The critical decade for climate: unpacking the IPCC Working Group reports](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/constrain-webinar-the-critical-decade-for-climate/)
- [CONSTRAIN at EGU 2022](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/constrain-scientists-at-egu2022/)
- [CONSTRAIN’s contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/constrains-contribution-to-the-ipcc-sixth-assessment-report/)
- [How not to interpret the emissions scenarios in the IPCC report](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/how-not-to-interpret-the-emissions-scenarios-in-the-ipcc-report/)
- [When it comes to forecasts, politics fails more often than science](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/when-it-comes-to-forecasts-politics-fails-more-often-than-science/)
- [Science communication and climate change – what have we learned so far?](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/science-communication-and-climate-change-what-have-we-learned-so-far/)
- [The role ‘emulator’ models play in climate change projections](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/the-role-emulator-models-play-in-climate-change-projections/)
- [ZERO IN ON: Near-term warming and our chances of staying within 1.5°C](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/zero-in-on-near-term-warming-and-our-chances-of-staying-within-1-5c/)
- [Huge influence of the largest emitters](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/huge-influence-of-the-largest-emitters/)
- [CONSTRAIN @COP26 - rewatch our events](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/constrain-cop26-rewatch-our-events/)
- [Climate action in the post-COVID world](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/climate-action-post-covid/)
- [1.5 degrees - where are we now, where are we headed, what are the risks?](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/1-5-degrees-where-are-we-now-where-are-we-headed-what-are-the-risks/)
- [Join CONSTRAIN events @ COP26](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/constraincop26/)
- [The Global Methane Pledge needs to go further to help limit warming to 1.5C](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/the-global-methane-pledge-needs-to-go-further-to-help-limit-warming-to-1-5c/)
- [The role of climate emulators in the IPCC Sixth Assessment: Workshop Report](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/the-role-of-climate-emulators-in-the-ipcc-sixth-assessment-workshop-report/)
- [The most influential climate science paper of all time](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/the-most-influential-climate-science-paper-of-all-time/)
- [Rewatch our webinar on the IPCC AR6 Working Group I Report](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/webinar-on-the-ipcc-ar6-working-group-i-report/)
- [Science for policy: what the latest IPCC climate change report means for COP26](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/science-for-policy-what-the-latest-ipcc-climate-change-report-means-for-cop26/)
- [Climate change widespread, rapid, and intensifying, major report finds](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/climate-change-widespread-rapid-and-intensifying-major-report-finds/)
- [Zero In On: A new generation of climate models, COVID-19 and the Paris Agreement](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/zero-in-on-report-2/)
- [Pre-COP26 briefing notes on 1.5°C warming now available](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/pre-cop26-briefing-notes-on-1-5c/)
- [French and Spanish translations of key Zero In messages](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/french-and-spanish-translations-of-key-zero-in-messages/)
- [Warming hiatus sheds new light on climate sensitivity](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/warming-hiatus-sheds-new-light-on-climate-sensitivity/)
- [Less aviation during the global lockdown had a positive impact on the climate](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/less-aviation-during-the-global-lockdown-had-a-positive-impact-on-the-climate/)
- [Limit global warming to 1.5°C and halve the land ice contribution to sea level this century](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/limit-global-warming-to-1-5c-and-halve-the-land-ice-contribution-to-sea-level-this-century/)
- [The 1.5°C global warming limit is not impossible – but without political action it soon will be](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/the-1-5-degrees-global-warming-limit-is-not-impossible-but-without-political-action-it-soon-will-be/)
- [CONSTRAIN @ EGU 2021](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/constrain-egu-2021/)
- [COVID recovery choices shape future climate](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/covid-recovery-choices-shape-future-climate/)
- [Direct observations confirm that humans are throwing Earth’s energy budget off balance](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/direct-observations-confirm-that-humans-are-throwing-earths-energy-budget-off-balance/)
- [With COVID-19 lockdown forcing a shift in our behaviour, can we use it to benefit our work, our health, and that of the planet?](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/with-covid-19-lockdown-forcing-a-shift-in-our-behaviour-can-we-use-it-to-benefit-our-work-our-health-and-that-of-the-planet/)
- [I’m a climate scientist – here’s three key things I have learned over a year of COVID](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/im-a-climate-scientist-heres-three-key-things-i-have-learned-over-a-year-of-covid/)
- [New research suggests 1.5C climate target will be out of reach without greener COVID-19 recovery plans](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/new-research-suggests-1-5c-climate-target-will-be-out-of-reach-without-greener-covid-19-recovery-plans/)
- [How do climate feedbacks affect model projections?](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/how-do-climate-feedbacks-affect-model-projections/)
- [Hard and fast emissions cuts slow warming in the next twenty years](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/hard-and-fast-emissions-cuts/)
- [CONSTRAIN @ the UNFCCC Climate Dialogues](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/climate-dialogues/)
- [UNFCCC Climate Dialogues Special Event](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/unfccc-climate-dialogues-constrain-special-event/)
- [Silicone: a tool for expanding economic pathways](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/silicone-a-tool-for-expanding-economic-pathways/)
- [Climate, race and indigenous peoples (11 November)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/climate-race-and-indigenous-peoples/)
- [Climate Science2Policy Workshop with the European Commission (17-18 November)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/climate-science2policy-17-18-november/)
- [Dr Joeri Rogelj talks climate and COVID with Climaware](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/dr-joeri-rogelj-talks-climate-and-covid-with-climaware/)
- [Understanding remaining carbon budgets in the light of internal climate variability ](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/understanding-remaining-carbon-budgets-in-the-light-of-internal-climate-variability/)
- [Blog: Coronavirus lockdown will have 'negligible' impact on the climate – new study](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/blog-coronavirus-lockdown-will-have-negligible-impact-on-the-climate-new-study/)
- [How carbon budgets can push policy towards net-zero](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/how-carbon-budgets-can-push-policy-towards-net-zero/)
- [Are carbon cycle responses reversible after an overshoot?](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/are-carbon-cycle-responses-reversible-after-an-overshoot/)
- [Just how sensitive is the climate to increased carbon dioxide? Scientists are narrowing in on the answer](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/just-how-sensitive-is-the-climate-to-increased-carbon-dioxide-scientists-are-narrowing-in-on-the-answer/)
- [Latest knowledge on effective radiative forcing](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/constrain/)
- [Which temperature metric should be used to calculate remaining carbon budgets?](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/which-temperature-metric-should-be-used-to-calculate-remaining-carbon-budgets/)
- [Is the strong warming in some CMIP6 climate models likely?](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/is-strong-warming-in-some-cmip6-climate-models-likely/)
- [International analysis narrows range of climate’s sensitivity to CO2](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/international-analysis-narrows-range-of-climates-sensitivity-to-co2/)
- [Gearing up for Glasgow: Reflections on COP25](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/gearing-up-for-glasgow-reflections-on-cop25/)
- [Latest knowledge on rapid adjustments](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/latest-rapid-adjustments/)
- [A lost decade of climate inaction](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/emissions-world-has-four-times-the-work-or-one-third-of-the-time/)
- [Coronavirus underscores small islands' climate vulnerability](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/coronavirus-underscores-small-islands-climate-vulnerability/)
- [Coronavirus is very different from the climate crisis, but we can still learn from it](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/coronavirus-is-very-different-from-the-climate-crisis-but-we-can-still-learn-from-it/)
- [Chasing clouds podcast with The Climate Press and EUREC4A](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/chasing-clouds-podcast/)
- [CONSTRAIN scientists lead EUREC4A campaign](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/constrain-scientists-lead-eurec4a-campaign/)

## Pages

- [Homepage](https://www.constrain-eu.org/)
- [Work Packages](https://www.constrain-eu.org/about/work-packages/)
- [Who We Are](https://www.constrain-eu.org/about/who-we-are/)
- [Knowledge Gains: Summary and Implication Reports](https://www.constrain-eu.org/intranet/kgsirs/)
- [About](https://www.constrain-eu.org/about/)
- [Style Guide](https://www.constrain-eu.org/intranet/style-guide/)
- [Data Management](https://www.constrain-eu.org/intranet/data-management/)
- [The Role of Climate Emulators in the AR6 Assessment: Online Workshop](https://www.constrain-eu.org/the-role-of-climate-emulators-in-the-ar6-assessment-online-workshop/)
- [Sign up](https://www.constrain-eu.org/sign-up/)
- [Templates](https://www.constrain-eu.org/intranet/templates/)
- [Media resources - Forster et al. (2020)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/media-resources-forster-et-al-2020/) - Media resources for Forster et al. (2020) Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19
- [COVID-19](https://www.constrain-eu.org/covid-19-tools-data/) - A collection of resources on COVID-19 relevant to greenhouse gas emissions, climate forcing and projections. If you would like to add any resources to this page, please contact constrain@leeds.ac.uk.
- [Resources](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/)
- [Sustainability](https://www.constrain-eu.org/intranet/sustainability/)
- [Project Logo Files](https://www.constrain-eu.org/intranet/project-logo-files/) - Please get in touch via constrain@leeds.ac.uk if you require a version of the logo that isn't available here.
- [Boilerplate Text](https://www.constrain-eu.org/intranet/boilerplate-text/)
- [Publications](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/)
- [Tools & Data](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/)

## Publications

- [Flower Trade-Wind Clouds Are Shallow Mesoscale Convective Systems](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/flower-trade-wind-clouds-are-shallow-mesoscale-convective-systems/)
- [The Time Scale of Shallow Convective Self-Aggregation in Large-Eddy Simulations Is Sensitive to Numerics](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/the-time-scale-of-shallow-convective-self-aggregation-in-large-eddy-simulations-is-sensitive-to-numerics/)
- [Inter-Model Variability in Convection-Resolving Simulations of Subtropical Marine Low Clouds](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/inter-model-variability-in-convection-resolving-simulations-of-subtropical-marine-low-clouds/)
- [Climate Model Selection by Independence, Performance, and Spread (ClimSIPS v1.0.1) for Regional Applications](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/climate-model-selection-by-independence-performance-and-spread-climsips-v1-0-1-for-regional-applications/)
- [Substantial Reductions in Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Implied by IPCC Estimates of the Remaining Carbon Budget](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/substantial-reductions-in-non-co2-greenhouse-gas-emissions-reductions-implied-by-ipcc-estimates-of-the-remaining-carbon-budget/)
- [Strong Aerosol Cooling Alone Does Not Explain Cold-Biased Mid-Century Temperatures in CMIP6 models](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/strong-aerosol-cooling-alone-does-not-explain-cold-biased-mid-century-temperatures-in-cmip6-models/)
- [Climate Change Response of Tropical Atlantic Clouds in a Kilometer-Resolution Model](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/climate-change-response-of-tropical-atlantic-clouds-in-a-kilometer-resolution-model/)
- [Global and Regional Climate Feedbacks in Response to Uniform Warming and Cooling](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/global-and-regional-climate-feedbacks-in-response-to-uniform-warming-and-cooling/)
- [Inequalities in Air Pollution Exposure and Attributable Mortality in a Low Carbon Future](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/inequalities-in-air-pollution-exposure-and-attributable-mortality-in-a-low-carbon-future/)
- [Assessing Carbon Cycle Projections from Complex and Simple Models Under SSP Scenarios](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/assessing-carbon-cycle-projections-from-complex-and-simple-models-under-ssp-scenarios/)
- [Connecting the SST Pattern Problem and the Hot Model Problem](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/connecting-the-sst-pattern-problem-and-the-hot-model-problem/)
- [Current-Climate Sea Ice Amount and Seasonality As Constraints for Future Arctic Amplification](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/current-climate-sea-ice-amount-and-seasonality-as-constraints-for-future-arctic-amplification/)
- [The Zero Emissions Commitment and Climate Stabilization](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/the-zero-emissions-commitment-and-climate-stabilization/)
- [Cloud Botany: Shallow Cumulus Clouds in an Ensemble of Idealized Large-Domain Large-Eddy Simulations of the Trades](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/cloud-botany-shallow-cumulus-clouds-in-an-ensemble-of-idealized-large-domain-large-eddy-simulations-of-the-trades/)
- [Assessing the Size and Uncertainty of Remaining Carbon Budgets](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/assessing-the-size-and-uncertainty-of-remaining-carbon-budgets/)
- [Evaluating Large-Domain, Hecto-Meter, Large-Eddy Simulations of Trade-Wind Clouds Using EUREC4A Data](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/evaluating-large-domain-hecto-meter-large-eddy-simulations-of-trade-wind-clouds-using-eurec4a-data/)
- [The New Max Planck Institute Grand Ensemble With CMIP6 Forcing and High-Frequency Model Output](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/the-new-max-planck-institute-grand-ensemble-with-cmip6-forcing-and-high-frequency-model-output/)
- [Understanding Pattern Scaling Errors Across a Range of Emissions Pathways](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/understanding-pattern-scaling-errors-across-a-range-of-emissions-pathways/)
- [Storylines for Unprecedented Heatwaves Based on Ensemble Boosting](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/storylines-for-unprecedented-heatwaves-based-on-ensemble-boosting/)
- [Nonlinearity of the Cloud Response Postpones Climate Penalty of Mitigating Air Pollution in Polluted Regions](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/nonlinearity-of-the-cloud-response-postpones-climate-penalty-of-mitigating-air-pollution-in-polluted-regions/)
- [Atlantic Multidecadal Variability modulates the climate impacts of El Niño-Southern Oscillation in Australia](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/atlantic-multidecadal-variability-modulates-the-climate-impacts-of-el-nino-southern-oscillation-in-australia/)
- [A Drier Than Expected Future, Supported by Near-Surface Relative Humidity Observations](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/a-drier-than-expected-future-supported-by-near-surface-relative-humidity-observations/)
- [CERESMIP: A Climate Modeling Protocol to Investigate Recent Trends in the Earth's Energy Imbalance](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/ceresmip-a-climate-modeling-protocol-to-investigate-recent-trends-in-the-earths-energy-imbalance/)
- [Past and Future Response of the North Atlantic Warming Hole to Anthropogenic Forcing](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/past-and-future-response-of-the-north-atlantic-warming-hole-to-anthropogenic-forcing/)
- [Reply to Comment on 'Unintentional Unfairness When Applying New Greenhouse Gas Emissions Metrics at Country Level'](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/reply-to-comment-on-unintentional-unfairness-when-applying-new-greenhouse-gas-emissions-metrics-at-country-level/)
- [Widespread Shallow Mesoscale Circulations Observed in the Trades](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/widespread-shallow-mesoscale-circulations-observed-in-the-trades/)
- [Temperature-Dependence of the Clear-Sky Feedback in Radiative-Convective Equilibrium](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/temperature-dependence-of-the-clear-sky-feedback-in-radiative-convective-equilibrium/)
- [Variations of Tropical Lapse Rates in Climate Models and Their Implications for Upper-Tropospheric Warming](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/variations-of-tropical-lapse-rates-in-climate-models-and-their-implications-for-upper-tropospheric-warming/)
- [Assessing Precipitation Over the Amazon Basin as Simulated by a Storm-Resolving Model](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/assessing-precipitation-over-the-amazon-basin-as-simulated-by-a-storm-resolving-model/)
- [The Effect of Convective Injection of Ice on Stratospheric Water Vapor in a Changing Climate](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/the-effect-of-convective-injection-of-ice-on-stratospheric-water-vapor-in-a-changing-climate/)
- [Northern Hemisphere Cold Air Outbreaks Are More Likely to be Severe During Weak Polar Vortex Conditions](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/northern-hemisphere-cold-air-outbreaks-are-more-likely-to-be-severe-during-weak-polar-vortex-conditions/)
- [Tropospheric Ozone Radiative Forcing Uncertainty Due to Pre-Industrial Fire and Biogenic Emissions](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/tropospheric-ozone-radiative-forcing-uncertainty-due-to-pre-industrial-fire-and-biogenic-emissions/)
- [The Contributions of Individual Countries and Regions to the Global Radiative Forcing](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/the-contributions-of-individual-countries-and-regions-to-the-global-radiative-forcing/)
- [Guidance On Emissions Metrics for Nationally Determined Contributions Under the Paris Agreement](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/guidance-on-emissions-metrics-for-nationally-determined-contributions-under-the-paris-agreement/)
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- [Eddy Activity Response to Global Warming-Like Temperature Changes](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/eddy-activity-response-to-global-warming-like-temperature-changes/)
- [Decomposing the Response of the Stratospheric Brewer-Dobson Circulation to an Abrupt Quadrupling in CO2](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/decomposing-the-response-of-the-stratospheric-brewer-dobson-circulation-to-an-abrupt-quadrupling-in-co2/)
- [Critical Adjustment of Land Mitigation Pathways for Assessing Countries' Climate Progress](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/critical-adjustment-of-land-mitigation-pathways-for-assessing-countries-climate-progress/)
- [Carbon-Concentration and Carbon-Climate Feedbacks in CMIP6 Models and Their Comparison to CMIP5 Models](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/carbon-concentration-and-carbon-climate-feedbacks-in-cmip6-models-and-their-comparison-to-cmip5-models/)
- [Low-Level Marine Tropical Clouds in Six CMIP6 Models Are Too Few, Too Bright but Also Too Compact and Too Homogeneous](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/low-level-marine-tropical-clouds-in-six-cmip6-models-are-too-few-too-bright-but-also-too-compact-and-too-homogeneous/)
- [Latest Climate Models Confirm Need for Urgent Mitigation](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/test-academic-publication/) - Similique natus dolores deleniti explicabo et rerum voluptatum. Vero accusamus dolorem rerum ipsam itaque accusantium. Impedit maiores laudantium et deleniti fuga eius. Sed consequuntur et aliquid velit. Dolor nihil et incidunt eum recusandae aspernatur. Hic nulla fugit vitae ut. Quia velit aspernatur autem est. Et dolores corporis aut sint magni nemo. Temporibus repellendus error dolores
- [Large-Scale Emergence of Regional Changes in Year-to-Year Temperature Variability by the End of the 21st Century](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/large-scale-emergence-of-regional-changes-in-year-to-year-temperature-variability-by-the-end-of-the-21st-century/)
- [Large Variations in Volcanic Aerosol Forcing Efficiency Due to Eruption Source Parameters and Rapid Adjustments](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/large-variations-in-volcanic-aerosol-forcing-efficiency-due-to-eruption-source-parameters-and-rapid-adjustments/)
- [Is There Warming in the Pipeline? A Multi-Model Analysis of the Zero Emissions Commitment from CO2](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/is-there-warming-in-the-pipeline-a-multi-model-analysis-of-the-zero-emissions-commitment-from-co2/)
- [Institutional Decarbonization Scenarios Evaluated Against the Paris Agreement 1.5 °C Goal](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/institutional-decarbonization-scenarios-evaluated-against-the-paris-agreement-1-5-c-goal/)
- [Indicate Separate Contributions of Long-Lived and Short-Lived Greenhouse Gases in Emission Targets](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/indicate-separate-contributions-of-long-lived-and-short-lived-greenhouse-gases-in-emission-targets/)
- [Increased Risk of Near Term Global Warming due to a Recent AMOC Weakening](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/increased-risk-of-near-term-global-warming-due-to-a-recent-amoc-weakening/)
- [Inconsistencies When Applying Novel Metrics for Emissions Accounting to the Paris Agreement](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/inconsistencies-when-applying-novel-metrics-for-emissions-accounting-to-the-paris-agreement/)
- [Impact of Holuhraun Volcano Aerosols on Clouds in Cloud-System-Resolving Simulations](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/impact-of-holuhraun-volcano-aerosols-on-clouds-in-cloud-system-resolving-simulations/)
- [Identifying the Sources of Uncertainty in Climate Model Simulations of Solar Radiation Modification with the G6sulfur and G6solar Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) Simulations](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/identifying-the-sources-of-uncertainty-in-climate-model-simulations-of-solar-radiation-modification-with-the-g6sulfur-and-g6solar-geoengineering-model-intercomparison-project-geomip-simulations/)
- [How Large Does a Large Ensemble Need to Be?](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/how-large-does-a-large-ensemble-need-to-be/)
- [Historical Total Ozone Radiative Forcing Derived from CMIP6 Simulations](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/historical-total-ozone-radiative-forcing-derived-from-cmip6-simulations/)
- [Global Warming at Near-Constant Tropospheric Relative Humidity is Supported by Observations](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/global-warming-at-near-constant-tropospheric-relative-humidity-is-supported-by-observations/)
- [Global Carbon Budget 2021](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/global-carbon-budget-2021/)
- [Global Carbon Budget 2020](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/global-carbon-budget-2020/)
- [Future Summer Warming Pattern Under Climate Change is Affected by Lapse-Rate Changes](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/future-summer-warming-pattern-under-climate-change-is-affected-by-lapse-rate-changes/)
- [Future High-Resolution El Niño/Southern Oscillation Dynamics](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/future-high-resolution-el-nino-southern-oscillation-dynamics/)
- [EUREC4A](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/eurec4a/)
- [Evaluation of CNRM Earth System Model, CNRM-ESM2-1: Role of Earth System Processes in Present-Day and Future Climate](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/evaluation-of-cnrm-earth-system-model-cnrm‐esm2‐1-role-of-earth-system-processes-in-present‐day-and-future-climate/)
- [Errors in Simple Climate Model Emulations of Past and Future Global Temperature Change](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/errors-in-simple-climate-model-emulations-of-past-and-future-global-temperature-change/)
- [Enhanced Warming Constrained by Past Trends in Equatorial Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Gradient](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/enhanced-warming-constrained-by-past-trends-in-equatorial-pacific-sea-surface-temperature-gradient/)
- [Energy Budget Constraints on the Time History of Aerosol Forcing and Climate Sensitivity](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/energy-budget-constraints-on-the-time-history-of-aerosol-forcing-and-climate-sensitivity/)
- [Energy Budget Constraints on Historical Radiative Forcing](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/energy-budget-constraints-on-historical-radiative-forcing-2/)
- [Emissions Estimations Should Embed a Precautionary Principle](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/emissions-estimations-should-embed-a-precautionary-principle/)
- [Emergent Constraints on Earth's Transient and Equilibrium Response to Doubled CO2 from Post-1970s Global Warming](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/emergent-constraints-on-earths-transient-and-equilibrium-response-to-doubled-co2-from-post-1970s-global-warming/)
- [Efficacy of Climate Forcings in PDRMIP Models](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/efficacy-of-climate-forcings-from-pdrmip-models/)
- [Effects of Local and Remote Black Carbon Aerosols on Summer Monsoon Precipitation Over India](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/effects-of-local-and-remote-black-carbon-aerosols-on-summer-monsoon-precipitation-over-india/)
- [Effective Radiative Forcing in a GCM With Fixed Surface Temperatures](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/effective-radiative-forcing-in-a-gcm-with-fixed-surface-temperatures/)
- [Effective Radiative Forcing and Adjustments in CMIP6 Models](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/effective-radiative-forcing-and-adjustments-in-cmip6-models/)
- [Effect of Orographic Gravity Wave Drag on Northern Hemisphere Climate in Transient Simulations of the Last Deglaciation](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/effect-of-orographic-gravity-wave-drag-on-northern-hemisphere-climate-in-transient-simulations-of-the-last-deglaciation-2/)
- [Climate Warming Mitigation from Nationally Determined Contributions](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/climate-warming-mitigation-from-nationally-determined-contributions/)
- [A Comprehensive and Synthetic Dataset for Global, Regional, and National Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector 1970–2018 with an Extension to 2019](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/a-comprehensive-and-synthetic-dataset-for-global-regional-and-national-greenhouse-gas-emissions-by-sector-1970-2018-with-an-extension-to-2019-2/)
- [A Bayesian Framework for Emergent Constraints: Case Studies of Climate Sensitivity With PMIP](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/a-bayesian-framework-for-emergent-constraints-case-studies-of-climate-sensitivity-with-pmip/)
- [An Underestimated Negative Cloud Feedback from Cloud Lifetime Changes](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/an-underestimated-negative-cloud-feedback-from-cloud-lifetime-changes/)
- [An Integrated Approach to Quantifying Uncertainties in the Remaining Carbon Budget](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/an-integrated-approach-to-quantifying-uncertainties-in-the-remaining-carbon-budget/)
- [An Emission Pathway Classification Reflecting the Paris Agreement Climate Objectives](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/an-emission-pathway-classification-reflecting-the-paris-agreement-climate-objectives-in-nature-comms-earth-and-environment/)
- [A Sensitivity Study of Arctic Air-Mass Transformation Using Large Eddy Simulation](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/a-sensitivity-study-of-arctic-air‐mass-transformation-using-large-eddy-simulation/)
- [A New Perspective for Future Precipitation Change from Intense Extratropical Cyclones](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/a-new-perspective-for-future-precipitation-change-from-intense-extratropical-cyclones/)
- [Drivers of Recent North Pacific Decadal Variability: The Role of Aerosol Forcing](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/drivers-of-recent-north-pacific-decadal-variability-the-role-of-aerosol-forcing/)
- [Constraining Uncertainty in Aerosol Direct Forcing](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/constraining-uncertainty-in-aerosol-direct-forcing/)
- [Compatible Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions in the CMIP6 Earth System Models’ Historical and Shared Socioeconomic Pathway Experiments of the Twenty-First Century](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/compatible-fossil-fuel-co2-emissions-in-the-cmip6-earth-system-models-historical-and-shared-socioeconomic-pathway-experiments-of-the-21st-century/)
- [Comparing Different Generations of Idealized Solar Geoengineering Simulations in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/comparing-different-generations-of-idealized-solar-geoengineering-simulations-in-the-geoengineering-model-intercomparison-project-geomip/)
- [Changes in IPCC Scenario Assessment Emulators Between SR1.5 and AR6 Unraveled](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/changes-in-ipcc-scenario-assessment-emulators-between-sr1-5-and-ar6-unraveled/)
- [Cloud Patterns in the Trades Have Four Interpretable Dimensions](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/cloud-patterns-in-the-trades-have-four-interpretable-dimensions/)
- [Climate-Driven Chemistry and Aerosol Feedbacks in CMIP6 Earth System Models](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/climate-driven-chemistry-and-aerosol-feedbacks-in-cmip6-earth-system-models/)
- [Climate Model Projections from the Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) of CMIP6](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/climate-model-projections-from-the-scenario-model-intercomparison-project-scenariomip-of-cmip6/)
- [Climate Impact of Aircraft-Induced Cirrus Assessed from Satellite Observations Before and During COVID-19](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/climate-impact-of-aircraft-induced-cirrus-assessed-from-satellite-observations-before-and-during-covid-19/)
- [Clear-Sky Control of Anvils in Response to Increased CO2 or Surface Warming or Volcanic Eruptions](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/clear-sky-control-of-anvils-in-response-to-increased-co2-or-surface-warming-or-volcanic-eruptions/)
- [Characterization and Evolution of Organized Shallow Convection in the Downstream North Atlantic Trades](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/characterization-and-evolution-of-organized-shallow-convection-in-the-downstream-north-atlantic-trades/)
- [Carbon Cycle Response to Temperature Overshoot Beyond 2°C: An Analysis of CMIP6 Models](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/carbon-cycle-response-to-temperature-overshoot-beyond-2c-an-analysis-of-cmip6-models/)
- [Broad Consistency Between Observed and Simulated Trends in Sea Surface Temperature Patterns](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/broad-consistency-between-observed-and-simulated-trends-in-sea-surface-temperature-patterns/)
- [Analysis of Polarimetric Satellite Measurements Suggests Stronger Cooling Due to Aerosol-Cloud Interactions](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/analysis-of-polarimetric-satellite-measurements-suggests-stronger-cooling-due-to-aerosol-cloud-interactions/)
- [An Updated Assessment of Past and Future Warming Over France Based on a Regional Observational Constraint](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/an-updated-assessment-of-past-and-future-warming-over-france-based-on-a-regional-observational-constraint/)
- [ZERO IN Report 3](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/zero-in-report-3/)
- [ZERO IN Report 1](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/zero_in_report_1/)

## Resources

- [Solar geoengineering: A note to inform discussions](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/solar-geoengineering-a-note-to-inform-discussions/)
- [From Polarisation to Policy: The Role of Moral Framing in Climate Communication](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/from-polarisation-to-policy-the-role-of-moral-framing-in-climate-communication/)
- [D2.7. End-of-project KGSIR on robust circulation responses to climate change in the tropical Atlantic sector and in the mid-latitude European sector](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/d2-7-end-of-project-kgsir-on-robust-circulation-responses-to-climate-change-in-the-tropical-atlantic-sector-and-in-the-mid-latitude-european-sector/)
- [D1.5. CONSTRAIN Workshop on rapid adjustments](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/d1-5-constrain-workshop-on-rapid-adjustments/)
- [D3.3. End-of-Project KGSIR on the role of the ocean in setting the transient climate sensitivity](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/d3-3-end-of-project-kgsir-on-the-role-of-the-ocean-in-setting-the-transient-climate-sensitivity/)
- [D4.8. KGSIR on knowledge gained](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/d4-8-kgsir-on-knowledge-gained/)
- [D5.3. KGSIR on carbon budget estimates updates with the latest insights on forcing, variability and feedbacks](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/d5-3-kgsir-on-carbon-budget-estimates-updates-with-the-latest-insights-on-forcing-variability-and-feedbacks/)
- [D5.11. A stakeholder driven and bespoke communication tool for general audience (e.g. graphic novel) on near-term climate change](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/d5-11-a-stakeholder-driven-and-bespoke-communication-tool-for-general-audience-e-g-graphic-novel-on-near-term-climate-change/)
- [D2.4. End-of-project KGSIR on the improved physical understanding and quantification of tropical low-cloud feedbacks](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/d2-4-end-of-project-kgsir-on-the-improved-physical-understanding-and-quantification-of-tropical-low-cloud-feedbacks/)
- [D5.12. Online interactive infographics created such as the Climate Action Tracker, but targeting both adaptation and mitigation decisions (Task 5.2.1)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/d5-12-online-interactive-infographics-created-such-as-the-climate-action-tracker-but-targeting-both-adaptation-and-mitigation-decisions-task-5-2-1/)
- [D5.10. Final CONSTRAIN summary input into the global stocktake](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/briefing-note-joint-submission-to-the-first-global-stocktake-by-constrain-provide-and-esm2025/)
- [D5.9. Zero In On the Critical Decade - Insights from the Latest IPCC Reports on the Paris Agreement, 1.5 C, and Climate Impacts](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/d5-9-zero-in-on-the-critical-decade-insights-from-the-latest-ipcc-reports-on-the-paris-agreement-1-5-c-and-climate-impacts/)
- [D5.8. Zero In On Near-Term Warming and Our Chances of Staying Within 1.5 C](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/d5-8-zero-in-on-near-term-warming-and-our-chances-of-staying-within-1-5-c/)
- [D5.7. Zero In On a New Generation of Climate Models, COVID-19 and the Paris Agreement](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/d5-7-zero-in-on-a-new-generation-of-climate-models-covid-19-and-the-paris-agreement/)
- [D5.6. Zero In On the Remaining Carbon Budget Decadal Warming Rates](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/d5-6-zero-in-on-the-remaining-carbon-budget-decadal-warming-rates/)
- [D5.2. Briefing paper characterising how uncertainties from scenario, policy and climate variability affect projections and climate impact studies over the next 20 to 30 years](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/characterising-how-uncertainties-from-scenario-policy-and-climate-variability-affect-projections-and-climate-impact-studies-over-the-next-20-to-30-years/)
- [D4.12. Briefing paper on assessing the skill of climate emulators, showcasing how they can be used, and how they compare to CMIP6 models](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/d4-12-knowledge-gains-summary-and-information-report-assessing-the-skill-of-climate-emulators-showcasing-how-they-can-be-used-and-how-they-compare-to-cmip6-models/)
- [D4.3. Workshop report on the role of climate model emulators in IPCC AR6](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/the-role-of-climate-model-emulators-in-ipcc-ar6/)
- [D4.1. Briefing paper on CONSTRAIN journal publications and their relevance to IPCC AR6](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/knowledge-gains-summary-and-implication-report-4-on-constrain-journal-publications-and-their-relevance-to-ipcc-ar6/)
- [D3.2. Briefing paper on interaction of ocean heat uptake and radiative feedback change via SST-pattern change over recent decades](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/kgsir-d3-2-interaction-of-ocean-heat-uptake-and-radiative-feedback-change-via-sst-pattern-change-over-recent-decades/)
- [D2.2. Framework for characterizing mesoscale organisation of shallow convection](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/framework-for-characterizing-mesoscale-organisation-of-shallow-convection/)
- [D1.6. End-of-project KGSIR on relative role of rapid adjustment processes and their timescales and constraint of ERF from spatiotemporal patterns (Tasks 1.2.1, 1.2.2 and 1.2.3)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/d1-6-end-of-project-kgsir-on-relative-role-of-rapid-adjustment-processes-and-their-timescales-and-constraint-of-erf-from-spatiotemporal-patterns-tasks-1-2-1-1-2-2-and-1-2-3/)
- [D1.3. End-of-project KGSIR on ERF developments, including time evolution, causes on diversity in ERF of CO2 and quantification of model errors, constrained ERF for aerosol-cloud interactions from models vs. observations after volcanic eruptions (Tasks. 1.1.1 and 1.1.3)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/d1-3-end-of-project-kgsir-on-erf-developments-including-time-evolution-causes-on-diversity-in-erf-of-co2-and-quantification-of-model-errors-constrained-erf-for-aerosol-cloud-interactions-from-mode/)
- [D1.2. Report from workshop on aerosol-cloud interactions](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/report-from-workshop-on-aerosol-cloud-interactions/)
- [D1.1. Briefing paper on effective radiative forcing](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/knowledge-gains-summary-and-implication-report-1-on-improved-characterisation-and-understanding-of-the-erf-concept/)
- [Understanding where we are in terms of the Paris Agreement 1.5°C limit](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/understanding-where-we-are-in-terms-of-the-paris-agreement-1-5c-limit/)
- [Understanding where we are in terms of the Paris Agreement 1.5°C limit](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/1815/)
- [SÉRIE DE RAPPORTS DU PROJET CONSTRAIN: ZERO IN](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/serie-de-rapports-du-projet-constrain-zero-in/)
- [SERIE DE INFORMES CONSTRAIN: ZERO IN](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/serie-de-informes-constrain-zero-in/)
- [Recent warming trends in CMIP6 models](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/1807/)
- [Pre-COP26 Briefing Note: What exactly is a 1.5°C pathway?](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/pre-cop26-briefing-note-what-exactly-is-a-1-5c-pathway/)
- [Pre-COP26 Briefing Note: How likely are we to reach 1.5°C in the near future?](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/pre-cop26-briefing-note-how-likely-are-we-to-reach-1-5c-in-the-near-future/)
- [Overview of ECS ranges from different sources](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/overview-of-ecs-ranges-from-different-sources/)
- [Online Emissions Pathway Tool](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/online-emissions-pathway-tool/)
- [Near-term (20 year) warming trends](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/1823/)
- [Mean daily % reduction in CO2 compared to national baseline emissions, February-July 2020](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/mean-daily-reduction-in-co2-compared-to-national-baseline-emissions-february-july-2020/)
- [Mean daily % change from national CO2 emissions baseline, February 2020](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/mean-daily-change-from-national-co2-emissions-baseline-february-2020/)
- [Mean daily % change from national CO2 emissions baseline, April 2020](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/mean-daily-change-from-national-co2-emissions-baseline-april-2020/)
- [Mean daily % change from national CO2 emissions baseline for February and April 2020](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/comparison-of-mean-daily-change-in-co2-compared-to-national-baseline-emissions-for-february-and-april-2020/)
- [Mean daily % change from national CO2 emissions baseline Feb-July 2020 (Forster et al.)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/mean-daily-change-from-national-co2-emissions-baseline-feb-july-2020-forster-et-al/)
- [KGSIR 2 Figure 2: Rapid adjustments from the RFMIP/CMIP5 multi-model ensemble](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/kgsir-2-figure-2-rapid-adjustments-from-the-rfmip-cmip5-multi-model-ensemble/)
- [KGSIR 2 Figure 1: Rapid adjustment processes](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/kgsir-2-figure-1-rapid-adjustment-processes/)
- [KGSIR 1 Figure 2b: Efficacy of a range of climate drivers](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/kgsir1-fig-2b/) - Distinctio et minus quia est voluptas aspernatur. Modi et perspiciatis et incidunt et. Veritatis dicta unde quo maiores. Quam a ut commodi sequi. Rem laborum tempore iusto repudiandae et et nihil. Quod possimus sit qui placeat ut. Vel natus eum consequatur ipsa consectetur consequatur. Aut et sint deleniti qui sapiente aliquam quia. Non aut aut
- [KGSIR 1 Figure 2a: Effective Radiative Forcing](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/kgsir1-fig-2a/)
- [Key aspects of CMIP6](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/key-aspects-of-cmip6/)
- [Implications of using different historical temperature change assessment methods in the context of the Paris Agreement impact assessment](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/implications-of-using-different-historical-temperature-change-assessment-methods-in-the-context-of-the-paris-agreement-impact-assessment/)
- [Global lockdown pollution level changes](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/global-lockdown-pollution-level-changes/)
- [Global emissions change by species Feb-July 2020](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/global-emissions-change-by-species-feb-july-2020/)
- [Future warming in a scenario that aims to limit temperature rise to 2°C](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/1810/)
- [Fraction of usual SO2 emissions due to COVID-19](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/fraction-of-usual-so2-emissions-due-to-covid-19/)
- [Fraction of usual NOx emissions due to COVID-19](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/fraction-of-usual-nox-emissions-due-to-covid-19/)
- [EU27+UK weekly % change in CO2 from national baseline emissions, Feb-July 2020 (high-end estimates)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/eu27uk-weekly-change-in-co2-from-national-baseline-emissions-feb-july-2020-high-end-estimates/)
- [Countries with highest mean daily % CO2 reductions compared to national baseline emissions, February to July 2020 (high end estimates)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/lockdown-co2-reductions-as-of-national-baseline-feb-july-2020/)
- [Contribution to % change in US emissions by sector](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/contribution-to-change-in-us-emissions-by-sector/)
- [Contribution to % change in UK CO2 emissions by sector](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/contribution-to-change-in-uk-co2-emissions-by-sector/)
- [CONSTRAIN Report 2021 Figure 5: Comparison of 21st century global mean temperature change for concentration- and emissions-driven emulator runs under the same very low emissions scenario (SSP1-1.9)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/constrain-report-2021-figure-5-comparison-of-21st-century-global-mean-temperature-change-for-concentration-and-emissions-driven-emulator-runs-under-the-same-very-low-emissions-scenario-ssp1-1-9/)
- [CONSTRAIN Report 2021 Figure 4: “Climate wheels” showing the probabilities of staying below 1.5°C, 1.75°C, 2°C, 2.5°C, and 3°C in the 21st century for the different simple climate model experiments under the same emissions reduction pathway](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/constrain-report-2021-figure-3-climate-wheels-showing-the-probabilities-of-staying-below-1-5c-1-75c-2c-2-5c-and-3c-in-the-21st-century-for-the-diff/)
- [CONSTRAIN Report 2021 Figure 3: Annual fossil & industrial CO2 emissions and projected global mean temperature trajectory, central estimate and very likely (5-95% model) range, relative to pre-industrial levels (1850-1900) of the original MAGICC7 climate emulator experiment](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/constrain-report-2021-figure-3-annual-fossil-industrial-co2-emissions-and-projected-global-mean-temperature-trajectory-central-estimate-and-very-likely-5-95-model-range-relative-to-pre-industri/)
- [CONSTRAIN Report 2021 Figure 2: Average decadal warming rates over the next 20 years (2021-2040) by CO2, non-CO2 greenhouse gases including CH4, aerosols and land-use reflectance, for five different Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/constrain-report-2021-figure-2-average-decadal-warming-rates-over-the-next-20-years-2021-2040-by-co2-non-co2-greenhouse-gases-including-ch4-aerosols-and-land-use-reflectance-for-five-different-s/)
- [CONSTRAIN Report 2021 Figure 1: Warming contributions relative to pre-industrial levels (1850-1900) from groups of anthropogenic drivers for all five illustrative emissions scenarios assessed by IPCC AR6 WGI for 2020-2050.](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/constrain-report-2021-figure-1-warming-contributions-relative-to-pre-industrial-levels-1850-1900-from-groups-of-anthropogenic-drivers-for-all-five-illustrative-emissions-scenarios-assessed-by-ipcc/)
- [CONSTRAIN Report 2019 Figure 5: Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/constrain-report-figure-5-equilibrium-climate-sensitivity/)
- [CONSTRAIN Report 2019 Figure 4: Effective Radiative Forcing](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/constrain-report-2019-figure-4-effective-radiative-forcing/)
- [CONSTRAIN Report 2019 Figure 3: Near-term warming rates](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/constrain-report-2019-figure-3-near-term-warming-rates/)
- [CONSTRAIN Report 2019 Figure 2: Carbon budgets and value judgements](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/constrain-report-2019-figure-2-carbon-budgets-and-value-judgements/)
- [CONSTRAIN Global Stocktake COP27 Poster Submission](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/constrain-global-stocktake-cop27-poster-submission/)
- [Change in surface temperature of the Earth](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/change-in-surface-temperature-of-the-earth/)
- [Carbon budget explainer](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/carbon-budget-explainer/)
- [10 major global economies: weekly % change in CO2 compared to national baseline emissions, Feb-July 2020 (high-end estimates)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resources/10-major-global-economies-weekly-change-in-co2-compared-to-national-baseline-emissions-feb-july-2020-high-end-estimates/)

## Tools & Data

- [MPI-ESM1.2 data for Aerosol Forcing Does Not Sufficiently Explain the Suppressed Mid-20th Century Warming in CMIP6](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/mpi-esm1-2-data-for-aerosol-forcing-does-not-sufficiently-explain-the-suppressed-mid-20th-century-warming-in-cmip6/)
- [Code Heim et al. 2023 JGR-A](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/code-heim-et-al-2023-jgr-a/)
- [Carbon budget calculator](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/carbon-budget-calculator/)
- [Dataset: AMV idealized experiments](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/dataset-amv-idealized-experiments/)
- [Supporting data for ''Nonlinearity of the cloud response postpones climate penalty of mitigating air pollution in polluted regions"](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/supporting-data-for-nonlinearity-of-the-cloud-response-postpones-climate-penalty-of-mitigating-air-pollution-in-polluted-regions/)
- [pkeil7 / tropical_lapse_rates](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/pkeil7-tropical_lapse_rates/)
- [Scripts for "Widespread shallow mesoscale circulations amplify moisture variance in the trades"](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/scripts-for-widespread-shallow-mesoscale-circulations-amplify-moisture-variance-in-the-trades/)
- [Guidance on emissions metrics for Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/guidance-on-emissions-metrics-for-nationally-determined-contributions-under-the-paris-agreement/)
- [Indicators of Global Climate Change 2022](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/indicators-of-global-climate-change-2022/)
- [ClimateIndicator](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/climateindicator/)
- [Rlamboll / AR6CarbonBudgetCalc](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/rlamboll-ar6carbonbudgetcalc/)
- [Jupyter Notebooks for the ICON Semi-Direct Effect Paper 2020, Revision 1 Release](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/jupyter-notebooks-for-the-icon-semi-direct-effect-paper-2020-revision-1-release/)
- [Better constrained climate sensitivity when accounting for dataset dependency on pattern effect estimates](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/better-constrained-climate-sensitivity-when-accounting-for-dataset-dependency-on-pattern-effect-estimates/)
- [Scripts and data necessary to reproduce figures from "Quantifying uncertainty in aggregated climate change risk assessments"](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/scripts-and-data-necessary-to-reproduce-figures-from-quantifying-uncertainty-in-aggregated-climate-change-risk-assessments/)
- [Large-scale emergence of regional changes in year-to-year temperature variability by the end of the 21st century](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/large-scale-emergence-of-regional-changes-in-year-to-year-temperature-variability-by-the-end-of-the-21st-century/)
- [Increased risk of near term global warming due to a recent AMOC weakening](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/increased-risk-of-near-term-global-warming-due-to-a-recent-amoc-weakening/)
- [input4MIPs.CMIP6.DAMIP.ImperialCollege.ImperialCollege-ssp245-covid-4-8-1](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/input4mips-cmip6-damip-imperialcollege-imperialcollege-ssp245-covid-4-8-1/)
- [Code for estimation of remaining carbon budget in IPCC AR6 WGI](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/code-for-estimation-of-remaining-carbon-budget-in-ipcc-ar6-wgi/)
- [The 2000-2012 global warming hiatus more likely with a low climate sensitivity](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/the-2000-2012-global-warming-hiatus-more-likely-with-a-low-climate-sensitivity/)
- [Monthly aerosol emissions and GHG concentration projections from 2020-2025: modified SSP2-4.5 to account for COVID-19 impacts on sector activity](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/monthly-aerosol-emissions-and-ghg-concentration-projections-from-2020-2025-modified-ssp2-4-5-to-account-for-covid-19-impacts-on-sector-activity/)
- [Precipitation Driver Response Model Intercomparison Project data sets 2013-2021](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/precipitation-driver-response-model-intercomparison-project-data-sets-2013-2021/)
- [Selected output from ICON global atmosphere simulations, at ~160 km resolution, with varying turbulent drag](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/selected-output-from-icon-global-atmosphere-simulations-at-160-km-resolution-with-varying-turbulent-drag/)
- [Weekly NOx aviation emissions changes due to COVID-19: modified SSP2-4.5 to account for sector activity level](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/weekly-nox-aviation-emissions-changes-due-to-covid-19-modified-ssp2-4-5-to-account-for-sector-activity-level/)
- [tradeoff_scenarios](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/tradeoff_scenarios/)
- [tgasser/Pathfinder: v1.0.1](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/tgasser-pathfinder-v1-0-1/)
- [Supplementary material: Incremental improvements of 2030 targets insufficient to achieve the Paris Agreement goals](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/supplementary-material-incremental-improvements-of-2030-targets-insufficient-to-achieve-the-paris-agreement-goals/)
- [Supplement data for the article "Characterization and Evolution of Organized Shallow Convection in the trades"](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/supplement-data-for-the-article-characterization-and-evolution-of-organized-shallow-convection-in-the-trades/)
- [SMURPHS: Historical HadGEM3-GC3.1 scaled aerosol coupled ensemble](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/smurphs-historical-hadgem3-gc3-1-scaled-aerosol-coupled-ensemble/)
- [Silicone](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/silicone/)
- [Scripts for "The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report WGIII climate assessment of mitigation pathways: from emissions to global temperatures"](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/scripts-for-the-ipcc-sixth-assessment-report-wgiii-climate-assessment-of-mitigation-pathways-from-emissions-to-global-temperatures/)
- [saidqasmi/KCC_notebook: v1.0](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/saidqasmi-kcc_notebook-v1-0/)
- [ribesaurelien/france_study](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/ribesaurelien-france_study/)
- [Replication Data for experiments and figures in: Sensitivity of Tropical Extreme Precipitation to Surface Warming in Aquaplanet Experiments Using a Global Nonhydrostatic Model](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/replication-data-for-experiments-and-figures-in-sensitivity-of-tropical-extreme-precipitation-to-surface-warming-in-aquaplanet-experiments-using-a-global-nonhydrostatic-model/)
- [Priestley-Centre/Near_term_warming: v1.2](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/priestley-centre-near_term_warming-v1-2/)
- [Ozone changes due to the COVID-19 response](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/ozone-changes-due-to-the-covid-19-response/)
- [Nicholls et al 2022 Emulator Changes](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/nicholls-et-al-2022-emulator-changes/)
- [Monthly CO2 emissions projections from 2015-2025: modified SSP2-4.5 to account for COVID-19 impacts on sector activity](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/monthly-co2-emissions-projections-from-2015-2025-modified-ssp2-4-5-to-account-for-covid-19-impacts-on-sector-activity/)
- [kodama_etal_2019_GRL_data.tar.gz](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/kodama_etal_2019_grl_data-tar-gz/)
- [Index of open-access-data/hasekamp/NatureComm2019/](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/index-of-open-access-data-hasekamp-naturecomm2019/)
- [HadGEM3-GA7.1 radiative kernels](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/hadgem3-ga7-1-radiative-kernels/)
- [Four-year blip emissions changes due to COVID-19: modified SSP2-4.5 to account for sector activity level](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/four-year-blip-emissions-changes-due-to-covid-19-modified-ssp2-4-5-to-account-for-sector-activity-level/)
- [EUREC4A tracks](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/eurec4a-tracks/)
- [EUREC4A film](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/eurec4a-film/)
- [esd-11-709-2020-supplement](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/esd-11-709-2020-supplement/)
- [Emissions changes in 2020 due to Covid19](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/emissions-changes-in-2020-due-to-covid19/)
- [Dataset used in publication "Effects of local and remote black carbon aerosols on summer monsoon precipitation over India"](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/dataset-used-in-publication-effects-of-local-and-remote-black-carbon-aerosols-on-summer-monsoon-precipitation-over-india/)
- [Dataset for: Wood et al Role of sea surface temperature patterns for the Southern hemisphere jet stream response to CO2 forcing](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/dataset-for-wood-et-al-role-of-sea-surface-temperature-patterns-for-the-southern-hemisphere-jet-stream-response-to-co2-forcing/)
- [Dataset for: Stronger Response to the Aerosol Indirect Effect due to Cooling in Remote Regions](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/dataset-for-stronger-response-to-the-aerosol-indirect-effect-due-to-cooling-in-remote-regions/)
- [Data supporting "Biased estimates of Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity and Transient Climate Response derived from historical CMIP6 simulations"](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/data-supporting-biased-estimates-of-equilibrium-climate-sensitivity-and-transient-climate-response-derived-from-historical-cmip6-simulations/)
- [Data supplement to the Global Carbon Budget 2021](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/data-supplement-to-the-global-carbon-budget-2021/)
- [Data supplement to the Global Carbon Budget 2020](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/data-supplement-to-the-global-carbon-budget-2020/)
- [Data for: The contribution of global aviation to anthropogenic climate forcing in 2018](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/data-for-the-contribution-of-global-aviation-to-anthropogenic-climate-forcing-in-2018/)
- [Data and code related to Reduced Complexity Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2: Synthesising Earth system knowledge for probabilistic climate projections](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/data-and-code-related-to-reduced-complexity-model-intercomparison-project-phase-2-synthesising-earth-system-knowledge-for-probabilistic-climate-projections/)
- [Data and code for the study: "Responsibility of major emitters for country-level warming and extreme hot years"](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/data-and-code-for-the-study-responsibility-of-major-emitters-for-country-level-warming-and-extreme-hot-years/)
- [Daily aerosol emissions changes in 2020 due to Covid19: modified SSP2-4.5 to account for sector activity level](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/daily-aerosol-emissions-changes-in-2020-due-to-covid19-modified-ssp2-4-5-to-account-for-sector-activity-level/)
- [COVID19_emissions](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/covid19_emissions/)
- [COSP and PRP output used in NCLIM-20030641A](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/cosp-and-prp-output-used-in-nclim-20030641a/)
- [Code for "CMIP6 simulations with the compact Earth system model OSCAR v3.1"](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/code-for-cmip6-simulations-with-the-compact-earth-system-model-oscar-v3-1/)
- [Code and Data for WCRP Climate Sensitivity Assessment (Corrected Version, December 2022)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/code-and-data-for-wcrp-climate-sensitivity-assessment-corrected-version-december-2022/)
- [Code and data for reproducing the figures of "Wave of net zero greenhouse gas emission targets opens window on meeting the Paris Agreement" (Hohne & Gidden et al., 2021)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/code-and-data-for-reproducing-the-figures-of-wave-of-net-zero-greenhouse-gas-emission-targets-opens-window-on-meeting-the-paris-agreement-hohne-gidden-et-al-2021/)
- [CO2 emissions changes due to COVID-19: modified SSP2-4.5 to account for sector activity level](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/co2-emissions-changes-due-to-covid-19-modified-ssp2-4-5-to-account-for-sector-activity-level/)
- [CMIP5_CMIP6_FaIR_gsat_data](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/cmip5_cmip6_fair_gsat_data/)
- [ciceroOslo/Radiative-kernels](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/cicerooslo-radiative-kernels/)
- [chrisroadmap/cmip5-cmip6-forcing: Suppressed late-20th Century warming in CMIP6 models explained by forcing and feedbacks](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/chrisroadmap-cmip5-cmip6-forcing-suppressed-late-20th-century-warming-in-cmip6-models-explained-by-forcing-and-feedbacks/)
- [chrisroadmap/aerosol-history: Energy budget constraints on the time history of aerosol forcing](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/chrisroadmap-aerosol-history-energy-budget-constraints-on-the-time-history-of-aerosol-forcing/)
- [Bourdin et al. 2021 primary data](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/bourdin-et-al-2021-primary-data/)
- [A sensitivity study of Arctic air-mass transformation using Large Eddy Simulation](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/a-sensitivity-study-of-arctic-air-mass-transformation-using-large-eddy-simulation/)
- [A comprehensive and synthetic dataset for global, regional and national greenhouse gas emissions by sector 1970-2018 with an extension to 2019](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/a-comprehensive-and-synthetic-dataset-for-global-regional-and-national-greenhouse-gas-emissions-by-sector-1970-2018-with-an-extension-to-2019/)
- ["A Bayesian framework for emergent constraints: case studies of climate sensitivity with PMIP": Python and R statistical scripts of the study](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/a-bayesian-framework-for-emergent-constraints-case-studies-of-climate-sensitivity-with-pmip-python-and-r-statistical-scripts-of-the-study/)

## COVID-19

- [Le Quére, C. et al. Temporary reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement (2020)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/covid-19-tools-data/le-quere-c-et-al-temporary-reduction-in-daily-global-co2-emissions-during-the-covid-19-forced-confinement-nature-climate-change-2020/)
- [ESA RACE COVID-19 dashboard](https://www.constrain-eu.org/covid-19-tools-data/esa-race-covid-19-dashboard/)
- [Bauwens, M. et al. Impact of coronavirus outbreak on NO2 pollution assessed using TROPOMI and OMI observations (2020)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/covid-19-tools-data/bauwens-m-et-al-impact-of-coronavirus-outbreak-on-no2-pollution-assessed-using-tropomi-and-omi-observations-2020/)
- [Zhang, R. et al. NOx emission reduction and recovery during COVID-19 in East China (2020)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/covid-19-tools-data/zhang-r-et-al-nox-emission-reduction-and-recovery-during-covid-19-in-east-china-2020/)
- [Liu, F. et al. Abrupt declines in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China after the outbreak of COVID-19 (preprint)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/covid-19-tools-data/liu-f-et-al-abrupt-declines-in-tropospheric-nitrogen-dioxide-over-china-after-the-outbreak-of-covid-19-preprint/)
- [Timmermann, A. et al. COVID-19-related drop in anthropogenic aerosol emissions in China and corresponding cloud and climate effects (preprint)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/covid-19-tools-data/timmermann-a-et-al-covid-19-related-drop-in-anthropogenic-aerosol-emissions-in-china-and-corresponding-cloud-and-climate-effects-preprint/)
- [Shi, X. and Brasseur, G. The response in air quality to the reduction of Chinese economic activities during the COVID-19 outbreak (2020)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/covid-19-tools-data/shi-x-and-brasseur-g-the-response-in-air-quality-to-the-reduction-of-chinese-economic-activities-during-the-covid-19-outbreak-2020/)
- [Zhang, R. et al. Top-down NOx emission changes in China using TROPOMI NO2 data from Jan 1 to Mar 12, 2020 (dataset)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/covid-19-tools-data/zhang-r-et-al-top-down-nox-emission-changes-in-china-using-tropomi-no2-data-from-jan-1-to-mar-12-2020-dataset/)
- [Fyfe, J. et al. CanESM5 data for CCCma COVID-19 climate scenarios (dataset)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/covid-19-tools-data/fyfe-j-et-al-canesm5-data-for-cccma-covid-19-climate-scenarios-dataset/)
- [Lamboll, R., Forster, P., Rogelj, J. Emissions changes in 2020 due to COVID-19 (dataset)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/covid-19-tools-data/lamboll-r-forster-p-rogelj-j-emissions-changes-in-2020-due-to-covid-19-dataset/)
- [Air Quality Index Worldwide COVID-19 dataset](https://www.constrain-eu.org/covid-19-tools-data/air-quality-index-worldwide-covid-19-dataset/)
- [Liu, Z. et al. COVID-19 causes record decline in global CO2 emissions (preprint)](https://www.constrain-eu.org/covid-19-tools-data/liu-z-et-al-covid-19-causes-record-decline-in-global-co2-emissions-preprint/)

## Categories

- [News](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/category/news/)
- [Event](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/category/event/)
- [Announcement](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/category/announcement/)
- [Blog](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/category/blog/)
- [Podcast](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/category/podcast/)
- [Research update](https://www.constrain-eu.org/news/category/research-update/)

## Publication Types

- [Academic](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/type/academic/)
- [Reports](https://www.constrain-eu.org/publications/type/reports/)

## Resource Categories

- [Animations](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/category/animations/)
- [Briefing Papers](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/category/briefing-notes/)
- [Translations](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/category/translations/)
- [Graphics](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/category/graphics/)
- [Online tools](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/category/online-tools/)

## Resource Topics

- [Rapid adjustments](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/rapid-adjustments/)
- [Effective radiative forcing](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/erf/)
- [KGSIR](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/kgsir/)
- [Near-term warming](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/near-term-warming/)
- [Carbon budgets](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/carbon-budgets/)
- [Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/equilibrium-climate-sensitivity/)
- [COVID-related emissions changes](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/covid-related-emissions-changes/)
- [CMIP6](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/cmip6/)
- [Paris Agreement](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/paris-agreement/)
- [IPCC](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/ipcc/)
- [1.5 degrees](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/1-5-degrees/)
- [Emulators](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/emulators/)
- [Emissions pathways](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/emissions-pathways/)
- [Global Stocktake](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/global-stocktake/)
- [pattern effect](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/pattern-effect/)
- [Aerosols](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/aerosols/)
- [tropical low-cloud feedbacks](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/tropical-low-cloud-feedbacks/)
- [climate sensitivity estimates](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/climate-sensitivity-estimates/)
- [observational constraints](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/observational-constraints/)
- [circulation responses](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/circulation-responses/)
- [Atlantic](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/atlantic/)
- [Europe](https://www.constrain-eu.org/resource/topic/europe/)

## Tools & Data Types

- [tool](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/type/tool/)
- [dataset](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/type/dataset/)
- [code](https://www.constrain-eu.org/tools-data/type/code/)

## COVID-19 Types

- [Paper](https://www.constrain-eu.org/covid-19-tools-data/type/paper/)
- [Dataset](https://www.constrain-eu.org/covid-19-tools-data/type/dataset/)